This writer and translator taught economics and literature at Tehran University, and now lives in the United States. He is the author of the following books in Farsi: La Masse et le Gouvernement (Tehran, Farzân-e rouz, 1999), Sous le regard de Ferdowsi : les fondements de la critique de la raison politique en Iran (Tehran, Markaz, 1998), and De l’âme de la critique et de la critique de l’âme (Tehran, Agah, 1985). He is also the author of a large number of translations, in particular into Farsi (Hegel, Marx, Durkheim, Leo Strauss, Jean Wahl…).